CSOs, HIV&AIDS and Human Rights in Ethiopia

There are two major actors in the struggle against the issues of human rights and HIV&AIDS in Ethiopia – the government and the civil society organizations (CSOs).

The international community has recognized and agreed that HIV&AIDS is both a human rights and development issue. Given the rising trend of human rights violations in relation to HIV&AIDS, both governments and CSOs are under pressure to address HIV&AIDS using the rights-based approach. This pressure is stronger in Sub-Saharan Africa where HIV&AIDS is more prevalent, and human rights violations in relation to HIV&AIDS are widespread.

In response to these pressures, the South African Development Community (SADC) drafted a model law on HIV&AIDS in 2008. This model law is based on the right-based approach to HIV&AIDS and has raised the hopes of many human rights activists. While Ethiopia is not a member of the SADC, it may have to draft its own law to address the human rights issues in relation to HIV&AIDS. Ethiopia is signatory to the several international human rights policies which bind the Ethiopian government to conform with international human rights principles.

However, the Ethiopian government has drafted a law in 2008 deemed by many development actors in the international community as contrary to the human rights principles. The Charities and Societies Proclamation law (CSO law) restricts the activities of CSOs in the general issue of human rights. Under this law, foreign CSOs are prohibited from engaging in human rights activities. The definition of foreign CSOs includes not only the actual international foreign NGOs, but also those local NGOs/CSOs that get more than 10% of its income from external sources. This translates to most local NGOs being prohibited to engage in human rights activities.

The CSO law has alarmed international development actors. Some human rights activists claim that the law is an attempt to conceal human rights violations. There were advocacies from international and local CSOs, as well as from developed nations, for the Ethiopian government to change some stipulations in the law, especially with regards to human rights. Some human rights activists called on international donors and funding nations to sanction the Ethiopian government for this blatant disregard of human rights principles.

Connected to the Big World once again...

Last June 14 until July 22, 2009 my wireless internet modem decided to take an unofficial vacation by itself. I was so surprised when I tried to connect and the screen read "Error in connection.Cannot find the source and server."

What happened? I had just recharged my monthly rate of Rs498 and no connection????!!!! Got to visit the customer care office again, I groaned. But then when???? With my calendar full of field visits, I hardly got time and importantly the energy to deal with the horrendous traffic, deafening noise pollution and the crazy speed of the bus drivers. Scanning my calendar again, trying to see where I can fit a visit to the network office....Sigh...none...No choice but to go Sunday....

Sunday came and off I went to the office but surprise surprise....the systems are not working on Sundays....Oh bugger.....Now what????!!! I am hyperventilating with the thought of no connection for quite a long time......Is this withdrawal symptoms???? Am I addicted to the net now??? I guess it unknowingly develops when you are homesick and alone in the place surrounded by people who speak a different langauge and who thinks you have strange food habits and lifestyle...

But God is so good. He knows I am slowly going crazy and is on my way to a major depression if this goes on a little longer...He gave me Wednesday to be free ( no field visit,yehey) and gave me the strength and the patience to endure the 2 hours long crazy bus ride to Golpark. I had my modem checked and in less than 5 minutes its good again!!!! I can't wait to try it once I am home!

So I am again blogging and chatting and emailing and networking and surfing....ahhhhhh...the addict in me is now truly very happy and satisfied.....It's so good to be connected to the wide world again:)

Oooppsss...its past bed time...Got to sleep now...Will be buying fish early tomorrow for this week source of protein....Wishing for beef but....wishful thinking....

Next week, Orccha here we come!!! So excited to see the Kamasutra in stone at Khajuraho...time to brush up my lessons on sexuality and sensuality....wink wink...

As for now, good night India and good night world...I'm off to dreamland.....zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz..........

Notes: Children in Sex Work - Part 3

In all my travels and years in development work, I always find the plight of children to be disturbing. As a foreigner and tourist in developing countries, I can’t help but notice children in the streets begging or being involved in the flesh trade. It is the latter that I find most upsetting. I know that the main reason behind these activities is poverty. But I can’t also help but wonder if children engaged in sex work are pure victims, or do they exercise human agency in making sense of, and living in the social world of sex work? What aspects of sex work are open to their decision-making? And how do children decide and interpret their engagement in this occupation?

This is the last part of my 3-part post.

THE RIGHT TO SELF-DETERMINATION
In all free societies, the right to self-determination is a fundamental right. As such, all people, adult and children alike, possess it. However, children being young and immature, are considered to be lacking in adult reasoning and knowledge, and are thus incapable of being responsible for their deeds or for making the rational decision for themselves. Adults, then, through the state, and primarily, the family, uphold the right of self-determination for the children and deny them the right to make a choice.

Thus, while children possess this fundamental right, they are unable to exercise it. Yet, the child is not a mere innocent and passive social actor. The children sex workers are not mere victims who do nothing about their circumstances. They may have limitations, but they are also active agents that actively participate in the production and reproduction of the social rules and structures in sex work, even if only at their level.

The mere recognition by the child that she is an agent, and by claiming her body as her own resource, the child has effectively shown that she is a knowledgeable and competent social agent, albeit a limited one. Whenever they disobey their managers, they always refer to their own body as theirs, and so the decision on what to do with it should only be theirs.

The children sex workers have also shown that they are capable of rational decisions based on the choices available to them. All of them underwent a rational decision-making process in choosing to remain in sex work and refusing assistance from government and other institutions. As stated earlier, both Two of the children find sex work as a better alternative to their past lives. One rationalized that sex work is better than begging or vending in the streets as it gives her security of shelter, food and stable income. The other prefers sex work over being raped by her uncle and step cousin. For her, sex work is purely an economic transaction between her and the customers where she can exercise her agency, while rape is actually a situation of abuse where her agency is repressed.

Findings of studies also demonstrate that the children sex workers are in fact very effective agents to the point of defeating the social welfare institutions with their refusal to cooperate. Most of the institutions that have attempted to help them have always asked them about their families. These institutions believe that the families should be informed of the children's plight. But this is exactly the opposite of what the children want.

Two children refused outside attempts to help them get out of sex work for fear that their families will be involved. Both know that sex work is considered to be deviant and unacceptable, and they are afraid that they will be ostracized by their own family and friends for being involved in sex work. Mary, for her part, did not want her family to know about her plight because of her uncle's threat of killing her parents and siblings if she reported the rape/abuse to the authorities.

I conclude that child sex workers are not mere victims of exploitation. They are victims of society’s perception of them. They are victims of the very theories and policies that seek to protect them. Yet, they are also active social actors in sex work who both break and follow rules that consequently keep them in sex work. Regardless of their lack of knowledge and skills, and despite their lack of resources, children sex workers are competent agents in sex work, who, like all adults in society, do not want other people to deprive them of their right to exercise their agency and self-determination.

The right to self-determination is a fundamental right that is central to the issue of children’s liberation. It is essential to all the rights of the child. Thus, society should acknowledge this right. However, the acknowledgment and acceptance of the right of the child to self-determination by society should also be balanced by the recognition of the limitations of the child’s agency. Therefore, it is imperative that policies and programs for possible interventions affecting children sex workers must take into consideration both the agency and structured constraints of the child.

This post (including parts 1 & 2) is based on the paper "Children in Sex Work: Is There Room for Social Agency" that I presented during the Fifth National Social Science Congress at the Philippine Social Science Council in May 2003. The views reflected on all parts of this 3-part post are mine alone and does not in any way assume to have the same ideals and statements of the Philippine Social Science Council . If you have any comments, please feel free to do so...

Notes: Children in Sex Work - Part 2

In all my travels and years in development work, I always find the plight of children to be disturbing. As a foreigner and tourist in developing countries, I can’t help but notice children in the streets begging or being involved in the flesh trade. It is the latter that I find most upsetting. I know that the main reason behind these activities is poverty. But I can’t also help but wonder if children engaged in sex work are pure victims, or do they exercise human agency in making sense of, and living in the social world of sex work? What aspects of sex work are open to their decision-making? And how do children decide and interpret their engagement in this occupation?

This is the second of this 3-part post.

THE CHILD AS A SOCIAL AGENT
People acquire the capacities necessary to be agents in the social world, at the same time that society both enables and constrains the exercise of this agency. By active participant, I presuppose the intentionality and willingness of the child’s agency regardless of, and given, its limited experience and bounded knowledge – connoting the concept of the child sex worker’s limited agency and bounded realities.

Thus, I contend that children sex workers have both the practical and discursive knowledge, however limited these may be, of the rules and structures in the social world. These include authority structures and role-specific social structures that guide the actions, interactions, and relations of social actors in the process of exercising their agency through restructuration (reproduction of social structures) and destructuration (breaking the rules and preventing the reproduction of structures).

This contention presupposes the rationality of the children sex workers as it is imperative to establish the intentionality of the child as active social agents, albeit a limited one given the limitations of the child’s knowledge and experience. While knowledgeability is founded less upon discursive consciousness than practical consciousness; human agents always know what they are doing on the level of discursive under some description.

I further contend that the child’s agency is limited compared to the adult; the child’s exercise of agency is bounded by the lack of knowledge and experience by virtue of their age, and not because of their incapacity for reason. The adult is more “rational” than the child in the sense that the adult has more time than the child to acquire knowledge and experience, and to exercise the ability to reason. In other words, the child is capable of reason as far as her knowledge and experience allows.

Thus, I also contend that the limited knowledge and experience of the children sex workers does not prevent them from exercising their agency in their everyday life situations, however limited her agency may be compared to the adult social actors in sex work.

The children sex workers I have interviewed and observed were 14 years old. Prior to sex work, the social worlds of these three children were limited only to the family and, in one case, to the gang, as well. The very limited knowledge and experience of the children sex workers, which form their discursive and practical consciousness, were founded on this bounded reality as they entered sex work.

Furthermore, the social rules and structures in sex work affect the agency of the child. Most of the social rules and structures in sex work are mainly based on the social constructions of childhood and sexuality characterized by adult and male bias. Thus, as the child exercises her agency in sex work in her everyday interactions and relations with the pimps, managers, and customers, the child finds her agency to be limited not only by her bounded reality, but also by the social rules and structures in sex work.

Wait for the last part of this 3-part post...